Ozone Water Treatment Glossary
Below is a list of words commonly used in ozone water treatment discussions. After each word is a brief description of the
term and where available, a link to more information.
Advanced Oxidation Processes: Advanced oxidation processes are designed to produce hydroxyl radicals (see
description below). These processes are normally a combination of more than one oxidant such a ultraviolet light
(UV)/ozone, UV/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, etc.
AOC: The terms refers to Assimilable Organic Carbon. These compounds are readily decomposed biologically. Ozone
reacts with more complex molecules to make the more biodegradable. Measurement of AOC is used to determine if the
potential exist for regrowth of bacteria in the treated system.
Biological Filtration: Because ozone can form AOC (see above), sometimes biological filters are used to remove this
biodegradable form of carbon from the system treated by ozone. Normally, conventional filters (sand or granular
activated carbon) are allowed to become biologically active, i.e. biological growth is allowed to form on the filter media.
This biology feeds on the AOC breaking it down to carbon dioxide. The filters continue to function as standard filters for
the physical removal of suspended solids.
Bromate: The bromate anion, BrO3-, is a bromine-based oxoanion. Compounds containing this ion are called bromates.
Bromate can be formed during ozone water treatment if bromide ion is present in the source water at a high enough
concentration. Bromate levels are control in drinking water application.
Corona Discharge: sometimes referred to as "silent discharge" this is the principal method of producing ozone in most
commercial applications. Air or oxygen is passed through an electric arc where a portion of the oxygen present is
converted to ozone. Follow the link How Ozone is Made for more information.
Contact Vessel: Sometimes referred to as the reaction vessel or contactors, this is the vessel or tank where ozone is
contact with the water to permit the reaction of ozone with the targeted constituents of water that need to be treated.
CT: The letters stand for Concentration of ozone in water multiplied by the time of exposure. The CT at a given
temperature is used to estimate pathogen inactivation. Click on the link to a presentation on the EPA Surface Water
Treatment Rule (SWTR) for more information.
Dew Point: The "dew point" or "dewpoint" of a given amount of air is the temperature to which the air must be cooled, at
constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into water, called dew. This is an important issue in ozone
generation since corona discharge ozone generators are very sensitive to the amount of moisture in the feed gas.
Typically, ozone generators need feed gas with dew points of -80 to -100 degrees F.
Disinfection Byproducts: Disinfection byproducts (DBP) are chemical compounds formed during the process of
disinfecting water. These compounds are formed by most disinfection processes including ozone disinfection. Ozone
can reduce the formation of certain types of DBP, especially those formed with the use of free chlorine.
Fine Bubble Diffuser: A portion ceramic device for forming small bubbles of ozonated gas for contact with water. A
discussion of these fine bubble diffusers for ozonation can be found following this link. These devices are also referred
to as stone diffusers and are used in a variety of other applications such as aeration.
Intermediate Ozone Application: In drinking water treatment, ozonation of settled water prior to filtration.
Haloacetic Acids (HAA): HAA are carboxylic acids in which a halogen atom takes the place of a hydrogen atom in acetic
acid. Thus, in a monohaloacetic acid, a single halogen would replace a hydrogen atom. For example, chloroacetic acid
would have the structural formula CH2ClCO2H. In the same manner, in dichloroacetic acid two chlorine atoms would take
the place of two hydrogen atoms (CHCl2CO2H). These compounds can be formed by using chlorine in the treatment of
water and are regulated in the part per billion range by the US EPA.
Hydroxyl Radicals: A highly reactive chemical species formed by ozone decomposition via a complex mechanism. They
are short lived and non selective in their reactions.
LOX: LOX stands for liquid oxygen. It is used in larger ozone systems as the source of oxygen to form ozone. A
discussion on LOX systems can be found by following this link.
Ozone: the triatomic form of oxygen. For more details following the link on what is ozone.
Ozone Demand: With respect to water, the amount of ozone that can be consumed by a particular water sample in mg/l.
Ozone Destroyer: A device for removing ozone from gas, typically the vent gas from a process that uses ozone.
Ozone Dose: The amount of ozone applied to water regardless of how much ozone is actually absorbed.
Ozone Residual: The amount of ozone measured in water a particular time.
Ozone Transferred: The amount of ozone that is absorbed by the water or reacted in the water.
Peroxone: The name given to the combination of hydrogen peroxide and ozone, the reaction of which produces
hydroxyl radicals (see above).
Pre-ozonation: In drinking water treatment, the ozonation of the raw water prior to rapid-mix.
Side Stream Injection: a method of injecting ozone into water that takes a side stream of the main flow to be treated
and by means of a booster pump and venturi injects the ozonated gas into the water. For a more detailed description
follow the link on side stream injection.
SWTR: Surface Water Treatment Rules promulgated by the US EPA providing guidance on the methods of treating
surface water for drinking water use.
Transfer Efficiency: The percentage of the ozone dose that is absorbed by the water. It is a function of ozone demand,
temperature, ozone concentration in the gas phase and mixing method. For a more detailed discussion follow the link on
transfer efficiency.
Trihalomethanes (THMs): THM are chemical compounds in which three of the four hydrogen atoms of methane (CH4)
are replaced by halogen atoms. Many trihalomethanes find uses in industry as solvents or refrigerants. THMs are also
environmental pollutants, and many are considered carcinogenic. Trihalomethanes with all the same halogen atoms are
called haloforms. Trihalomethanes are formed as a byproduct when chlorine or bromine are used to disinfect water for
drinking. They result from the reaction of chlorine and/or bromine with organic matter in the water being treated. The
THMs produced may have adverse health effects at high concentrations, and many governments set limits on the amount
permissible in drinking water. In the United States, the EPA limits the total concentration of chloroform, bromoform,
bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane to 80 parts per billion in treated water. This number is called "total
trihalomethanes" (TTHM).
Venturi: A device used to mix a gas with a liquid, in this area of study ozone and water. Follow link to a more detailed
description.
Below is a list of words commonly used in ozone water treatment discussions. After each word is a brief description of the
term and where available, a link to more information.
Advanced Oxidation Processes: Advanced oxidation processes are designed to produce hydroxyl radicals (see
description below). These processes are normally a combination of more than one oxidant such a ultraviolet light
(UV)/ozone, UV/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, etc.
AOC: The terms refers to Assimilable Organic Carbon. These compounds are readily decomposed biologically. Ozone
reacts with more complex molecules to make the more biodegradable. Measurement of AOC is used to determine if the
potential exist for regrowth of bacteria in the treated system.
Biological Filtration: Because ozone can form AOC (see above), sometimes biological filters are used to remove this
biodegradable form of carbon from the system treated by ozone. Normally, conventional filters (sand or granular
activated carbon) are allowed to become biologically active, i.e. biological growth is allowed to form on the filter media.
This biology feeds on the AOC breaking it down to carbon dioxide. The filters continue to function as standard filters for
the physical removal of suspended solids.
Bromate: The bromate anion, BrO3-, is a bromine-based oxoanion. Compounds containing this ion are called bromates.
Bromate can be formed during ozone water treatment if bromide ion is present in the source water at a high enough
concentration. Bromate levels are control in drinking water application.
Corona Discharge: sometimes referred to as "silent discharge" this is the principal method of producing ozone in most
commercial applications. Air or oxygen is passed through an electric arc where a portion of the oxygen present is
converted to ozone. Follow the link How Ozone is Made for more information.
Contact Vessel: Sometimes referred to as the reaction vessel or contactors, this is the vessel or tank where ozone is
contact with the water to permit the reaction of ozone with the targeted constituents of water that need to be treated.
CT: The letters stand for Concentration of ozone in water multiplied by the time of exposure. The CT at a given
temperature is used to estimate pathogen inactivation. Click on the link to a presentation on the EPA Surface Water
Treatment Rule (SWTR) for more information.
Dew Point: The "dew point" or "dewpoint" of a given amount of air is the temperature to which the air must be cooled, at
constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into water, called dew. This is an important issue in ozone
generation since corona discharge ozone generators are very sensitive to the amount of moisture in the feed gas.
Typically, ozone generators need feed gas with dew points of -80 to -100 degrees F.
Disinfection Byproducts: Disinfection byproducts (DBP) are chemical compounds formed during the process of
disinfecting water. These compounds are formed by most disinfection processes including ozone disinfection. Ozone
can reduce the formation of certain types of DBP, especially those formed with the use of free chlorine.
Fine Bubble Diffuser: A portion ceramic device for forming small bubbles of ozonated gas for contact with water. A
discussion of these fine bubble diffusers for ozonation can be found following this link. These devices are also referred
to as stone diffusers and are used in a variety of other applications such as aeration.
Intermediate Ozone Application: In drinking water treatment, ozonation of settled water prior to filtration.
Haloacetic Acids (HAA): HAA are carboxylic acids in which a halogen atom takes the place of a hydrogen atom in acetic
acid. Thus, in a monohaloacetic acid, a single halogen would replace a hydrogen atom. For example, chloroacetic acid
would have the structural formula CH2ClCO2H. In the same manner, in dichloroacetic acid two chlorine atoms would take
the place of two hydrogen atoms (CHCl2CO2H). These compounds can be formed by using chlorine in the treatment of
water and are regulated in the part per billion range by the US EPA.
Hydroxyl Radicals: A highly reactive chemical species formed by ozone decomposition via a complex mechanism. They
are short lived and non selective in their reactions.
LOX: LOX stands for liquid oxygen. It is used in larger ozone systems as the source of oxygen to form ozone. A
discussion on LOX systems can be found by following this link.
Ozone: the triatomic form of oxygen. For more details following the link on what is ozone.
Ozone Demand: With respect to water, the amount of ozone that can be consumed by a particular water sample in mg/l.
Ozone Destroyer: A device for removing ozone from gas, typically the vent gas from a process that uses ozone.
Ozone Dose: The amount of ozone applied to water regardless of how much ozone is actually absorbed.
Ozone Residual: The amount of ozone measured in water a particular time.
Ozone Transferred: The amount of ozone that is absorbed by the water or reacted in the water.
Peroxone: The name given to the combination of hydrogen peroxide and ozone, the reaction of which produces
hydroxyl radicals (see above).
Pre-ozonation: In drinking water treatment, the ozonation of the raw water prior to rapid-mix.
Side Stream Injection: a method of injecting ozone into water that takes a side stream of the main flow to be treated
and by means of a booster pump and venturi injects the ozonated gas into the water. For a more detailed description
follow the link on side stream injection.
SWTR: Surface Water Treatment Rules promulgated by the US EPA providing guidance on the methods of treating
surface water for drinking water use.
Transfer Efficiency: The percentage of the ozone dose that is absorbed by the water. It is a function of ozone demand,
temperature, ozone concentration in the gas phase and mixing method. For a more detailed discussion follow the link on
transfer efficiency.
Trihalomethanes (THMs): THM are chemical compounds in which three of the four hydrogen atoms of methane (CH4)
are replaced by halogen atoms. Many trihalomethanes find uses in industry as solvents or refrigerants. THMs are also
environmental pollutants, and many are considered carcinogenic. Trihalomethanes with all the same halogen atoms are
called haloforms. Trihalomethanes are formed as a byproduct when chlorine or bromine are used to disinfect water for
drinking. They result from the reaction of chlorine and/or bromine with organic matter in the water being treated. The
THMs produced may have adverse health effects at high concentrations, and many governments set limits on the amount
permissible in drinking water. In the United States, the EPA limits the total concentration of chloroform, bromoform,
bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane to 80 parts per billion in treated water. This number is called "total
trihalomethanes" (TTHM).
Venturi: A device used to mix a gas with a liquid, in this area of study ozone and water. Follow link to a more detailed
description.
Spartan Environmental Technologies
Air and Water Treatment
Air and Water Treatment
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Spartan Environmental
Technologies, L.L.C.
7383 Lauren J Dr
Mentor, OH 44060
USA
Phone: 800-492-1252
Fax: 440-368-3569
E-mail: info@
spartanwatertreatment.com
Technologies, L.L.C.
7383 Lauren J Dr
Mentor, OH 44060
USA
Phone: 800-492-1252
Fax: 440-368-3569
E-mail: info@
spartanwatertreatment.com